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शून्याचा शोध नक्की कोणी लावला? जाणून घ्या सविस्तर माहीती

Vastav Katta TeamFebruary 7, 2022

 

एखादा व्यक्ती बुद्धीने थोडा कमी असला किंवा एखादी गोष्ट वारंवार सांगूनही त्याला समजत नसेल तर आपण त्याला ‘नुसता शून्य भोपळा आहेस’ असं म्हणून जातो. म्हणजे ज्याच्याकडे काही नाही तो शून्य असं आपण ठरवतो. पण या शून्याला गणित शास्त्रात खूप मोठी किंमत आहे हे देखील तुम्हाला माहीत असेलच. पण मग या शून्याचा शोध तरी नेमका कोणी लावला असा प्रश्न तुम्हाला पण कधीतरी पडला असेलच ना? चला तर मग जाणून घेऊया या शून्याच्या शोधाबाबत…

शून्याचा शोध सर्वात आधी इसवी सन ५०० च्या दशकात भारतामध्ये लागला. या शोधाचं साल माहित असलं तरीही नेमका कोणत्या दिवशी आणि कोणत्या ठिकाणी हा शोध लागला हे कोणालाच माहीत नाही. हो पण हा शोध भारतात लागला हे मात्र नक्की. म्हणजे शून्याचा इतर आकड्यांसोबत पहिल्यांदा वापर आर्यभट्ट यांनी केल्याचा उल्लेख इतिहासकालीन ग्रंथांमध्ये आहे. आर्यभट्ट हे प्राचीन भारताचे एक मोठे गणितज्ञ आणि ज्योतिष तज्ञ होते. आर्यभट्ट यांच्यासोबतच तत्त्वज्ञ ‘ब्रह्मगुप्त’ यांनी शून्य हा आकडा गुणाकार भागाकार यासाठी वापरल्याचा उल्लेख काही ग्रंथांमध्ये आढळतो .शून्याचा शोध लागण्याआधी गणित शास्त्रात केवळ १२३४५६७८९ एवढ्याच संख्या होत्या. म्हणून अनेकदा आकड्यांची मर्यादा निर्माण होत होती .पण जेव्हा शून्याचा शोध लागला तेव्हा मात्र मोठ्या प्रमाणावर संख्या वापरात येऊ लागल्या.

मध्ययुगात रोमन लोकांनी आकडे रोमन लिपीत लिहिण्यास सुरुवात केली पण शून्याच्या शोधाने रोमन लिपी मागे पडली . शून्याच्या शोधानंतर द्विमान, त्रिमान ,पंचमान ,दशमान यासारख्या कुठल्याही मानामध्ये संख्या दाखवण सोईस्कर झालं. भारतात शोध लागलेला हा शून्य जेव्हा पाश्चिमात्य देशात गेला तेव्हा पाश्चिमात्य लोकांना त्याने गोंधळातच टाकलं. त्यांचा गोंधळ का झाला याच एक उदाहरण घेऊया. पाच अधिक शून्य बरोबर पाच आणि पाच वजा शून्य बरोबर पाच. म्हणजे इथं शुन्याला काहीच महत्त्व नाही आणि पाच गुणिले एक बरोबर पाच आणि पाच गुणिले दहा बरोबर पन्नास. म्हणजे एकाच्या पुढे शून्य असल्याने किंमत अधिक झाली. शून्याच्या या गमतीमुळेच पाश्चिमात्य लोकांचा गोंधळ उडाला होता.

शून्य ही भारतीयांनी जगाला दिलेली गणित शास्त्रातील सर्वात महत्त्वाची देणगी आहे. मुळात चिन्ह म्हणून आलेले शून्य नंतर एक नैसर्गिक संख्या व समसंख्या म्हणून गणले जाऊ लागले .परंतु रुलेट सारख्या जुगारी खेळात शून्य ही विषम व शून्य शून्य ही समसंख्या धरतात .तर मापन क्रमामध्ये म्हणजेच मोजपट्टी मध्ये शून्य हा अंक आरंभबिंदू किंवा तटस्थ स्थान दर्शवतो.धन संख्या शून्याच्या उजव्या किंवा वरील बाजूला आणि ऋण संख्या शून्याच्या डाव्या किंवा खालील बाजूला दाखवतात .

आर्यभट्ट यांनी जगासाठी महत्त्वपूर्ण ठरलेल्या शून्याबरोबरच अनेक शोधात आपल योगदान दिल आहे .असं म्हटलं जातं की आर्किमिडीसच्याही आधी आर्यभट्ट यांनी जगापुढे मांडलं होतं की पृथ्वी ही स्वतःभोवती फिरते. काही लोकांच्या मते आर्यभट्ट यांच्या आधी होऊन गेलेले विद्वान् पिंगला यांनी किंवा त्यांच्याही पूर्वी कोणा अज्ञात विद्वानांनी शून्याचा शोध लावला असल्याचं म्हटलं जातं. तर काहीजण म्हणतात नंतरच्या काळातील भास्कराचार्यांनी शून्याचा शोध लावला. मग प्राचीन संस्कृत साहित्यामध्ये निरनिराळ्या संख्यांचे उल्लेख कसे येतात अशी शंका आपल्या मनात येते. रावणाला दहा तोंडे होती तर कौरवांची संख्या 100 होती. ‘शून्याचा शोध लावला’ याचा अर्थ या जगात शून्याला स्थान दिले गेले. हे गणिता मधले शून्य सर्वात आधी भारतीयांनी उपयोगात आणले खरे, पण ते नेमके कोणी आणि कोणत्या कालखंडात सुरू केले हे अद्याप गूढच आहे आणि ते तसेच राहणार आहे कारण त्याबद्दल भक्कम पुराव्यासह विश्वासार्ह अशी माहिती कदाचित मिळणार नाही. आर्यभट्ट यांच्या ग्रंथांमध्ये पहिल्यांदा संकेत मिळाले आणि ब्रह्मगुप्तांनी शून्याच्या उपयोगासंबंधीचे नियम सांगितले म्हणून शून्याचा शोध लावल्याचे श्रेय त्यांना दिले जाते.

Vastav Katta TeamFebruary 7, 2022
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